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Jordan DeLong scripsit: > But there are no unicorns... It's equally true that they're all > green with purple dots, whatever you may believe. The pc/John/And/maybe-xod viewpoint is that it's equally false to believe these things -- or, if you prefer, meaningless to say them. > With non importing universals, you can universally claim anything > in the empty universe, and it's all true. Who gives a mabla about the empty universe? > However, regardless of whether universals import, you can universally > claim anything about things which don't exist in any universe, > provided that the universe is nonempty if you use a importing > universal quantifier, and it is true: > Ax((Fx & ~Fx) -> Gx) > is true for any universe, and any predicates F and G. (A false > proposition implies all propositions -- we know Unicorn(x) is going > to be false in this universe, just like we know Fx & ~Fx is always > false, so we can infer anything from it, such as white(x), purple(x)...) Absolutely. And you say that in Lojban using "ro da ganai ..." > So, now that I understand what you're saying (I think): I think it > is entirely beside the point. Yes, in some universes we can say > ro pavyseljirna with import, or su'o pavyseljirna and be making > true statements. But I think you're trying to skirt around the > issue again, instead of addressing the real point: in a world with > *no* unicorns, what is the truth value of {ro pavyseljirna cu broda}, > and what is the truth value of {naku ro pavyseljirna cu broda}. > Hopefully one is true and one is false ;) Yes. The former is false and the latter is true, by convention. -- Her he asked if O'Hare Doctor tidings sent from far John Cowan coast and she with grameful sigh him answered that www.ccil.org/~cowan O'Hare Doctor in heaven was. Sad was the man that word www.reutershealth.com to hear that him so heavied in bowels ruthful. All jcowan@hidden.email she there told him, ruing death for friend so young, algate sore unwilling God's rightwiseness to withsay. _Ulysses_, "Oxen"