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Unlike And, I don't have a problem with saying that there is exactly one Unique something. For me there is exactly one number five. I do have a problem with the idea that the quantifier {pa} is in any sense a good choice of quantifier for Uniques. It is plain to me that it is not. Quantifiers are not used for counting. To start with, {pa} is a relatively complex quantifier, certainly more so than the basic {ro} and {su'o}. In terms of these basic ones, {pa} can be expanded thus: pa da broda == su'o da ro de poi na du da zo'u ge da broda ginai de broda or similar expressions. So if one is forced to quantify over a Unique, either one of {ro} and {su'o} make for simpler choices than {pa}. The quantifier {ropa} (CLL-approved contraction of ro je pa) can also be used. It has the advantage over {pa} that it will commute with other quantifiers, for example: ro broda cu brode ropa brodi has the same meaning as: ropa brodi cu se brode ro broda (I'm not sure, but I think this will hold for all other quantifiers besides ro.) It won't, however, commute with negation: ropa broda naku brode is not equivalent to naku ropa broda cu brode The second one will be true if there are more than one broda, while the first one will be false. So {ro}, {su'o}, {pa}, {ropa} are all different quantifiers. They all give true statements when quantifying over a singleton set, if the statement would hold for the unique member of the set itself, but that does not make the quantified statement equivalent to the unquantified one. The quantified statement is a more complex statement, with whatever quantifier we use. mu'o mi'e xorxes __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? The New Yahoo! Search - Faster. Easier. Bingo. http://search.yahoo.com