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xod: > The terms "transparent", "opaque", "de re", "de dicto", "embedded > proposition", and "casting call" are unknown to me and only confusing me > more. Embedded Proposition, I assume, means abstraction bridi (which we > should probably be using a lujvo for already; how about faubri?) Yes. Intensional predicates are ones that can give an intensional reading. As a first approximation: intensional reading = opaque reading = de dicto reading extensional reading = transparent reading = de re reading Two sorts of test for distinguishing these readings: A. Quantifier raising: John believes that every republican is mad. => Every republican is believed by John to be mad. John believes that someone assassinated Marilyn Monroe. => There is someone that John believes assassinated M.M. We need a gadri that solves our problem. => There is a gadri that solves our problem and we need it. The first sentence on the extensional/transparent/de re reading is equivalent to the version with the quantifier raised. B. Substitutability John believes that every republican is mad. Jane is a republican. => John believes that Jane is mad. Lex Luther believes Superman is a threat to him. Superman is Clark Kent. => Lex believes Clark Kent is a threat to him. This is a picture of Superman. Superman is Clark Kent. => This is a picture of Clark Kent. If the first sentence is given an extensional/transparent/de re reading then the conclusion is valid. --And.