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And it is ugly. Here is a summary of my thoughts on ni, yet again, but this time because I was asked: Conceived to provide a quantitative counterpart to the qualitative ka, it is redundant with jei and it's based on a deprecated notion of ka. The deprecated sense of ka to which ni is bound was the miserable result of the conflation between the English "redness" as the property of being red (that's ka ce'u xunre; that which is shared by all red things) and the amount of redness (that's jei ko'a xunre; it is 54% red). ni was supposed to represent the latter sense, but that makes it redundant with jei. Up the present, my discussion with pc on this had two outcomes: one was the question of whether jei ko'a xunre is actually an analog of the redness of ko'a. It's an interesting question but I don't see why a language that actually intended to be used would offer any other interpretation of jei. In any case it's an interpretive convention, and that's how I use it, and I don't know of any contrary usage. And the other outcome was: does ka have any meaning without any ce'u; when the ce'u place is filled with a sumti, and ka's intended function is to abstract away some completely subjective, totally specified opinion that the observer has concerning the bridi in question. The concrete example used was that "ka la godziras. cu cadzu" could refer to the "earthshaking quality" that might be experienced should one be standing close to the event. Of course, it could also refer to just about any other impression or description of the event. (Now it's beginning to remind me of su'u lacking an x2!) Anyway, that ce'u-less ka was smacked down about a year ago, and such subjective impressions now need to come from li'i. Let the skeptics who have forgotten the sound beating that ce'u-less ka received enjoy the fine archives. Some background on ni: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lojban/message/10399 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lojban/message/10225 -- Before Sept. 11 there was not the present excited talk about a strike on Iraq. There is no evidence of any connection between Iraq and that act of terrorism. Why would that event change the situation? -- Howard Zinn