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Adam Walker escreva:
Infinitive Latin esse Spanish ser
from Vulgar Latin sedere "to sit"
Portugu. ser
ditto
Catalan e'sser
VL essere, analogical form of esse
French e^tre
VL stare "to stand, to be located"
Occitan e`sser
as Catalan
Italian essere
as Catalan
Sardini. essere
ditto
R-R (Sur) e`sser
ditto
Rumanian a fi
CL fieri "to become"
Sicilian essiri
as Catalan.
Present 1st sg. Lat. sum Spa. soy
VL su: (i.e., final -m was lost)
Por. sou
ditto
Cat. so'(c)
ditto
Fre. suis
ditto
Occ. soi
ditto
Ita. sono
VL sumo:/suno:, from CL sum with regular 1s ending -o: added.
Sar. so`e
as Spanish, IIRC
R-R. sun
as Italian
Rom. si^nt
as Italian, with later analogical levelling with 3p.
Sic. sugnu
as Italian.
Pres 2nd sg Lat. es Spa. eres
from CL eris, the future form.
Por. e's
from CL
Cat. ets
ditto
Fre. es
ditto
Occ. e's
ditto
Ita. sei
ditto, with initial s- by analogy with other forms
Sar. ses
ditto
R-R. eis
from CL
Rum. es,ti
back formation on 2p estis.
Sic. si
as Italian
Pres 3rd sg Lat. est Spa. es
from CL
Por. e'
ditto
Cat. e's
ditto
Fre. est
ditto
Occ. es
ditto
Ita. e'
ditto
Sar. est
ditto
R-R. ei
ditto
Rum. e(ste)
ditto
Sic. e'
ditto
Pres 1st pl Lat. sumus Spa. somos
from CL
Por. somos
ditto
Cat. som
ditto
Fre. sommes
ditto
Occ. se'm
ditto
Ita. siamo
ditto
Sar. semus
ditto
R-R. essan
formed on the infinitive essere.
Rum. si^ntem
IIRC, this is by analogy with 1s and 3p
Sic. semu
as Spanish
Pres 2nd pl Lat. estis Spa. sois
from VL sotis, by analogy with 1s, 1p and 3p
Por. sois
ditto
Cat. sou
ditto
Fre. e^tes
from CL
Occ. se'tz
from CL sitis, the subjuctive form, IIRC
Ita. siete
ditto
Sar. sedzis
ditto
R-R. essas
formed on infinitive
Rum. si^ntet,i
by analogy with 1s, 3p, 1p
Sic. siti
as Italian
Pres. 3rd pl Lat. sunt Spa. son
from VL son
Por. sa(tilde)o
ditto
Cat. so'n
ditto
Fre. sont
ditto
Occ. son
ditto
Ita. sono
ditto
Sar. sun
ditto
R-R. ein
formed on infinitive
Rum. si^nt
as Spanish
Sic. si/sunnu
ditto
While many of these Romance terms are clearly derived from the Latin word, many others are clearly NOT and some I'm just not quite sure about. It would seem that only 6 of the infinitives (Cat. Occ. Ita. Sard. R-R and Sic.) come from the Latin infinitive. Whence do the otheres derive? With the Present 1st sg it looks like 6 come from sum. With the 2nd sg and 2nd pl it looks like only 2 come from the Latin. I'm assuming that the others are suppletive forms and not out right coinages. Which verms do the other forms come from???
All of these are derived from Latin, but changes came about through analogy with other forms or the infinitive (all the plural forms in Rhaetic) or due to phonological developments making differentiation different, e.g. es and est would have converged in Spanish, so es was replaced, es would normally have given *ei in Italian, so an initial s- was added to fully distinguish from e'.
Dan ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Uómatra udantós névesto filí noriuláns uá pátreme soncerrant déva Alánziae oronévio