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On 2007-11-23 Peter Collier wrote: > Pater noschter ie sie Klu, sankte tiß zu Nüm. Is _ie_ supposed to be from IS? Note that in Vulgar Latin IS and HIC (the pronoun, not the adverb) are totally absent. Usually IS is replaced by ISSE < IPSE, ISTE or ILLE, while the meanings 'this' and 'that' are taken over by ECCE ISTE or ECCU ISTE and ECCE ILLE or ECCU ILLE, e.g. French ce (ces in Old French) and cel, Italian questo, quello. AFMOC Rhodrese has es(t), txes(t) and txel(l) just to be bloody different from French and Italian. The tx is pronounced /tS/, while the letters in parentheses show up when the next word begins in a vowel. The feminines are este, txeste, txelle -- , replacing the -e with an apostrophe if the next word begins in a vowel, e.g. "txest' ague et poçoniade" 'this water is poisoned' --, and the plurals are ist, txis(t), txil(l) -- thus wholly regular. Don't ask me how the verb EST becomes et! :-) /BP 8^)> -- Benct Philip Jonsson -- melroch atte melroch dotte se ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "C'est en vain que nos Josués littéraires crient à la langue de s'arrêter; les langues ni le soleil ne s'arrêtent plus. Le jour où elles se *fixent*, c'est qu'elles meurent." (Victor Hugo)