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Gedeh Grammar
Contents:
Introduction
Alphabet
Pronunciation and Orthography
Basic Stems
Extended Stems
Genders
Aspects and Voices
Examples of Genders
Examples of Aspects and Voices
Cases
Pronouns
Negative Pronouns
Interrogative and Relative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Enclitic Possessive Pronouns
Standalone Possessive Pronouns
Persons
Conjugation
Perfect
Imperfect
Passive Perfect
Passive Imperfect
Incorporated Pronouns
Adjectives (Enclitic)
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Introduction:
Gedeh is a Semitic language.
It is a member of the `Mek language group,
so it received its shared characteristics:
- the agglutinative type
- the restriction that "e" appears only in roots
and the other vowels only in grammatical affixes.
- at least 4 genders:
common, masculine, feminine, inanimate
Alphabet:
gc ' b g d h w z x tc
dc j k l m n s 6 p sc
zc q r sy t u a i o e
The order of the letters
was originally the same as in the Hebrew alphabet.
Later three additional letters were inserted,
but in the standard language
they are used only as numbers.
Pronunciation and Orthography:
0 Gc gc [G\]
1 9 ' [?] elpum "bull"
2 B b [b] bejtum "house"
3 G g [g] gemlum "camel"
4 D d [d] deltum "door"
5 H h [h] he''um
6 W w [w] wewwum "hook"
7 Z z [z] zejnum "weapon"
8 X x [X\] xejtum
9 Tc tc [t_>] tcejtum
00 Dc dc [d_>]
10 J j [j] jewdum "hand"
20 K k [k] keppum "palm"
30 L l [l] lemdum "stick"
40 M m [m] mejmum "water"
50 N n [n] newnum "big fish"
60 S s [s] semkum "fish"
70 8 6 [?\] 6ejnum "eye"
80 P p [p] pe''um "mouth"
90 Sc sc [s_>] scedjum
000 Zc zc [z_>]
100 Q q [q] qewpum "ape"
200 R r [r] re'syum "head"
300 Sy sy [S] syejnum "tooth"
400 T t [t] tewwum "mark"
500 U u [u]
600 A a [a]
700 I i [i]
800 O o [o]
900 E e [e]
Basic Stems:
pe6l- substantive stem
pe6el imperfective stem
-p6el perfective stem
Extended Stems:
Genders:
_pe6l-_ substantive stem (s.)
_pe6lut_ masculine stem (m.)
_pe6lat_ feminine stem (f.)
_pe6lot_ inanimate stem (si.)
_pe6lutot_ masculine inanimate stem (mi.)
_pe6latot_ feminine inanimate stem (fi.)
_pe6lit_ diminutive stem (dim.)
_pe6lutit_ masculine diminutive stem (m.dim.)
_pe6latit_ feminine diminutive stem (f.dim.)
_pe6lotit_ inanimate diminutive stem (si.dim.)
Aspects and voices:
_(mu)pe6el_ active imperfective stem
_mape6el_ passive imperfective stem
_(mu)p6el_ active perfective stem
_map6el_ passive perfective stem
Examples of Genders:
_sewsum_ "horse"
_sewsutum_ "stallion"
_sewsatum_ "mare"
_sewsitum_ "foal"
_sewsutitum_ "colt"
_sewsatitum_ "filly"
_sewsotum_ "vaulting-horse"
_sewsotitum_ "small vaulting-horse"
Examples of Aspects and Voices:
_ketbum_ "writer"
_kuketeb_ "thou art writing"
_kukteb_ "thou hast written"
_h(ot)umaketeb_ "it is written"
_h(ot)umakteb_ "it has been written"
_š(ut)u(mu)keteb_ "he who is writing"
_šatu(mu)kteb_ "she who have written"
_š(ot)umaketeb_ "it which is written"
_š(ot)umakteb_ "it which has been written"
Cases:
nom. -um
acc. -am
gen. -im
dat. -om
loc. -iš
ter. -oš
Pronouns:
Negative Pronouns:
_lum_ "nobody"
_lotum_ "nothing"
Interrogative and Relative Pronouns:
_mum_ "who"
_motum_ "what"
Demonstrative Pronouns:
_zum_, _dum_ "this"
_hum_ "that"; "the" (def. article); "he/she/it" (3rd p.)
_syum_ "the one which ..." (antecedent)
_zinum_, _dinum_ "these"
_hinum_ "those"; "the" (def. article); "they" (3rd p.)
_syinum_ "the ones which ..." (antecedent)
Personal Pronouns:
1. _jum_ "I"
2. _kum_ "thou"
3.m. _hutum_ "he"
3.f. _hatum_ "she"
3.si. _hotum_ "it"
1.du. _janum_ "we two"
2.du. _kanum_ "you two"
3.du. _hanum_ "they two"
1.pl. _jinum- "we"
2.pl. _kinum_ "you"
3.pl. _hinum_ "they"
Possessive Pronouns:
Enclitic Possessive Pronouns:
1. _-uj(im)_ "my"
2. _-uk(im)_ "thy"
3.m. _-uhut(im)_ "his"
3.f. _-uhat(im)_ "her"
3.si. _-uhot(im)_ "its"
1.pl. _-ujin(im)_ "our"
2.pl. _-ukin(im)_ "your"
3.pl. _-uhin(im)_ "their"
Standalone Possessive Pronouns:
1. _syuj(im)_ "mine"
2. _syuk(im)_ "thine"
3.m. _syuhut(im)_ "his"
3.f. _syuhat(im)_ "her"
3.si. _syuhot(im)_ "its"
1.pl. _syujin(im)_ "our"
2.pl. _syukin(im)_ "your"
3.pl. _syuhin(im)_ "their"
Persons:
1. _ju-_
2. _ku-_
3.m. _hutu-_
3.f. _hatu-_
3.si. _hotu-_
1.pl. _jinu-_
2.pl. _kinu-_
3.pl. _hinu-_
Conjugation:
imp. -! imperative
abst. -um abstract verbal substantive
part. -iš participle
adj. šu--iš verbal adjective
sup. -oš supine
Imperfect:
1. _juketeb_ "I am writing"
2. _kuketeb_ "thou art writing"
3.m. _hutuketeb_ "he is writing"
3.f. _hatuketeb_ "she is writing"
3.si. _hotuketeb_ "it is writing"
1.pl. _jinuketeb_ "we are writing"
2.pl. _kinuketeb_ "you are writing"
3.pl. _hinuketeb_ "they are writing"
imp. _keteb!_ "be writing!"
abst. _ketebum_ "writing"
part. _ketebiš_ "(a-)writing"
adj. _šuketebiš_ "(a-)writing"
sup. _keteboš_ "to write"
Perfect:
1. _jukteb_ "I have written"
2. _kukteb_ "thou hast written"
3.m. _hutukteb_ "he has written"
3.f. _hatukteb_ "she has written"
3.si. _hotukteb_ "it has written"
1.pl. _jinukteb_ "we have written"
2.pl. _kinukteb_ "you have written"
3.pl. _hinukteb_ "they have written"
imp. _mukteb!_ "have written!"
abst. _muktebum_ "having written"
part. _muktebiš_ "(a-)having written"
adj. _šuktebiš_ "(a-)having written"
sup. _mukteboš_ "to have written"
Passive Imperfect:
1. _jumaketeb_ "I am written"
2. _kumaketeb_ "thou are written"
3.m. _humatuketeb_ "he is written"
3.f. _hamatuketeb_ "she is written"
3.si. _hotumaketeb_ "it is written"
1.pl. _jinumaketeb_ "we are written"
2.pl. _kinumaketeb_ "you are written"
3.pl. _hinumaketeb_ "they are written"
imp. _maketeb!_ "be written!"
abst. _maketebum_ "being written"
part. _maketebiš_ "(a-)being written"
adj. _sumaketebiš_ "(a-)being written"
sup. _maketeboš_ "to be written"
Passive Perfect:
1. _jumakteb_ "I have been written"
2. _kumakteb_ "thou hast been written"
3.m. _hutumakteb_ "he has been written"
3.f. _hatumakteb_ "she has been written"
3.si. _hotumakteb_ "it has been written"
1.pl. _jinumakteb_ "we have been written"
2.pl. _kinumakteb_ "you have been written"
3.pl. _hinumakteb_ "they have been written"
imp. _makteb_ "have been written!"
abst. _maktebum_ "having been written"
part. _maktebiš_ "(a-)having been written"
adj. _šumaktebiš_ "(a-)having been written"
sup. _makteboš_ "to have been written"
Incorporated pronouns:
_juhotazikinoketeb_ "I am writing it here to you"
Adjectives (Enclitic):
_bejtukber_ "great house"
_kelbulmen_ "evil dog"
_sewsumwet_ "dead horse"
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P.A.