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Many words are related to this phenomenon: subjunctive (cf. DE "Er sagte, es _sei_ so."), infinitive (cf. EO "Li auxdis sxin _kanti_"), subjective(?) (he called me _a friend_). "subjective" is ok (and also "view", "judgement" and so on).
I'm not really sure what this extra should be in order to take account for these subtle differences. It seems to affect either/both parts-of-speech and/or the verbal argument structure. Deictic disjuncts could matter as well, and that's not such a surprise, since in fact they introduce the judgement/view/subjectivity of the speaker.
Stefo MorphemeAddict@hidden.email schrieb:
In a message dated 5/15/2007 7:46:42 AM Central Daylight Time, sts@hidden.email writes:P/F: He heard the girl singing in the garden. (And it's a fact that she sang there.) P/FJ: He heard the girl singing in the garden. (But it's only his own judgement that she sang there.)Is the second one an example of what he might say as a result of a dream or hallucination, which he heard, but which may not have actually happened?If so, then it could be accounted for by additional words to that effect or by context. Only something extra would account for the second, subjective (aha! the distinction, no?) interpretation.stevo