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Hello! Thought I'd post a summary of my Roumán as an introductory message. There've been a few changes since my descriptions on Conlang. Orthography Vowels i = /i/, [j] when unstressed and adjacent to a vowel e = /E/, some dialects have [a] or [&] as an allophone when unstressed and final ei = /e/ a = /A/, may be [@] in unstressed syllables when spoken quickly ou = /o/ o = /O/, some dialects have [A] as an allophone when ustressed and final (thus, -a and -o are homophonous in those dialects) u = /u/, [w] when ustressed and adjacent to a vowel iu and ui are /ju/ and /wi/ íu and úi are /iju/ and /uwi/ Some dialects also have ö, and ü, which are pronounced /2/ (I think that's the symbol, IPA o-slash) and /y/, but not the dialect of Róum Nóu Stress is on the penultimate syllable unless marked by an acute. Also sometimes used orthographically, as in Róum Nóu (which itself is an etymological spelling, it is actually pronounced, and inflected, as Rounou, gen. Róunoubei) Consonants B = /v/ Bb = /b/ Bf = /bv/ C = /ts/ before i or e /x/ elsewhere, and not preceded by {n} /k/ after n (and not before i or e) Ç = /ts/ Cc = /ts/ before i or e /k/ elsewhere Ch = /k/ if preceded by n /x/ elsewhere Cch = /k/ (note: Ch and Cch only occur before i and e) D = /d/ after n /D/ elsewhere Dd = /d/ Dl = /K\/ (voiced lateral fricative) F = /f/ G = /dz/ before i or e /g/ after n (and not before i or e) /G/ elsewhere G` = /dz/ (actually, g-cedilla) Gg = /dz/ before i or e /g/ elsewhere Gh = /g/ if preceded by n /G/ elsewhere Ggh = /g/ (Gh and ggh are only used before i or e) Gn = /N/ H not used, except in combinations J not used K = /k/, varient of cc/ch/cch, usually etymologically, but obligatory when /k/ is adjacent to /ts/ L = /l/ M = /m/ N = /N/ before velar consonants (also word-finally in some dialects) /n/ elsewhere Nasal-stop sequences are pronounced with only the nasal when word-final P = /p/ Pf = /pf/ Q not used R = /l/ R and L are used etymologically S = /z/ between vowels /s/ elsewhere sometimes /z/ before voiced conosnants, especially word-initially, as in _s ddeis_, /zdes/, the day Ss = /s/ - only used between vowels T = /t/ after n /T/ elsewhere Tt = /t/ Tl = /K/ (voiceless lateral fricative) V not used W not used X = /x/, varient of {c} used only word-initially Y = /Z/ z = /z/ Note: In some dialects, {l/r} has become /r/ (tap or trill), {dl} has become /l/, and {tl} has become /S/, thus restoring symmetry to the fricatives, and restoring a distinction between /l/ and /r/. As well as having an unusual orthography :-) Nouns Gender At the moment, I'm thinking Roumán has retained the masculine/feminine distinction. However, since the substrate is non-IE, I'm not sure if that would be reasonable. Inflection Roumán has three cases, absolutive, ergative, and genetive Class I (mostly feminine) Sing Plural Abs -- -ei Erg -a -s/-ç* (ç used after dentals) Gen -ei -áu Class II (mostly masculine) Sing Plural Abs -ous --* Erg -ou -çou* Gen --* -óu Class III Sing Plural Abs (Var) -eis Erg -e -bbous Gen -s/-ç -ou Adjectives are inflected either like Classes I and II (I for feminine, II for masculine), or like III (invarient for gender) *stem changes: -c and -g -> -ç and -g` (-çs -> -ç and -g`s -> -g`) when those become word-final ei -> i (e.g., Ceicous -> Cíç, blind man, of a blind man) e -> ei (e.g., augentous, augéint; silver, of silver) a -> e (e.g., Roumanous, Roumén; Roman, of a Roman) ou -> u (Ougouçous, Ougúç; August, of August) ou -> ü in some dialects (Ougouçous -> Ougûç; û = stressed ü) ou -> i in some dialects (Ougouçous -> Oughíç) o - > ou (Colous, Cóul; neck, of a neck) o -> ö in some dialects (Colous -> Côl) o -> ei in some dialects (Colous -> Chéil) Verbs Verbs are divided into four categories, -áu, -éi, -le, and -í verbs. -le verbs are rare and full of irregularities. -le is divided into two subclasses, the so-called -ou and -iou subclasses; a slash will be used to separate those. Asterisk indicates sound changes (see above). Verbs agree with the absolutive argument. Inflections I will give the inflections for each class, using semicolon to separate classes, e.g., when I write: ánç; éinç; mous; ínç that means that -áu verbs use -ánç, -éi uses -éinç, -le uses -mous, and -í uses -ínç. Slash will separate alterates. -le is derived from Latin 3rd conjugation verbs, but many of those have merged with 2nd conjugation (as you'll see, many endings are identical for 2nd and 3rd conjugation). Perfect Participle: -atous; -tous; -tous; -itous Present Tense Exalted (used when speaking to an inferior) 1S: ou; ou; ou; ou 2S: as; eis; eis; s 3S: (a)ç; eç; eiç; eç 1P: ánç; éinç; mous; ínç 2P: áç; éiç; teis; íç 3P: an; en; on/ion; on Present Tense Simple (used when speaking to an equal) 1S: e; ei; (a)/(i)*; ei 2S: eis; as; as/ias; ias 3S: eç; eiç; (a)ç/iç*; eiç 1P: éinç; iánç; ánç/iánç*; iánç 2P: éiç; iáç; áç/iáç*; iáç 3P: en; ein; (a)n/in*; ein Present Tense Humble (used when speaking to a superior; Humble exists only in present) 3S: áss; éiss; eç/ieç*; ieç 3P: áun; éon; en/ien*; ien Past Tense Exalted 1S: éi; --*; --*; í 2S: éç; ç(i)*; ç(i)*; íç 3S: óuç; eiç; eiç; íç 1P: amous; mous; mous; ínç 2P: aceis; ceis; ceis; iceis 3P: áun; uéon; éon; iéon Past Tense Simple 1S: ái; éi; re; í 2S: áis; éis/ás; reis; ís (éis and ás are free alternates) 3S: áiç; éiç; reç; íç 1P: aréinç; eiréinç; réinç; iénç 2P: aréiç; eiréiç; réiç; iéiç 3P: áin; éin; ren; ín Perfect Tense Exalted 1S: án; rein; ra; rín 2S: ás; ras; ras; rís 3S: áç; raç; raç; ríç 1P: aránç; ránç; ránç; ránç 2P: aráç; ráç; ráç; ráç 3P: án; ran; ran; rín Perfect Tense Normal 1S: asse; se; se; isse 2S: asseis; seis; seis; isseis 3S: asseç; seç; seç; isseç 1P: assénç; séinç; séinç; séinç 2P: asséç; séiç; séiç; séiç 3P: assen; sen; sen; issen Other perfect tenses are formed by abéi + perfect participle; present perfect is also sometimes replaced by present tense of abéi + perfect participle. Perfect participle agrees in gender and number with absolutive. Antipassives Antipassives are built on a common form. In the plural, all are identical, while in the singular, each inflection starts with a vowel, a/e for -áu verbs, ei/i for -éi verbs, i for -í verbs, and null for -le verbs. Present Tense Exalted 1S: açou (eiçoun; çoun; içoun) 2S: atles 3S: atleç 1P: toesmous 2P: tóess 3P: toessoun Present Tense Normal 1S: acei 2S: éç (íç, '-ç, -íç) <-- for 3rd conjugation, stressed on final syllable of root 3S: aceiç 1P: toesinç 2P: tóess 3P: toessein Present Tense Humble 3S: atleiç 3P: tóessoun Past Tense Exalted 1S: épf 2S: apfiss 3S: apfeiç 1P: toefeinç 2P: toefeis 3P: toefein Past Tense Normal 1S: átlesse 2S: átlesseis 3S: átlesseç 1P: toesseinç 2P: toesseiç 3P: toessen Perfect Exalted 1S: apfean 2S: apfeas 3S: apfeaç 1P: toefeanç 2P: toefeaç 3P: toefean Perfect Normal 1S: ápfesse 2S: ápfesseis 3S: ápfesseç 1P: tóefeisseinç 2P: tóefeisseiç 3P: tóefeissen Future - All conjugations Active Transitive Verbs Infinitive + Exalted 1S: déi 2S: déis 3S: déç 1P: déinç 2P: déiç 3P: dén Normal 1S: déi 2S: déas 3S: déiç 1P: g`ánç 2P: g`áç 3P: déin Humble 3S: déis 3P: déon Future Past (was going to, would) Exalted 1S: dí 2S: gí 3S: déiç 1P: déos 2P: géis 3P: béon Normal 1S: béi 2S: bás 3S: béiç 1P: réinç 2P: réç 3P: béin Antipassive & Intransitive Infinitive (-áu -> -ar, éi -> -er, -re -> -r, í -> ir) + Exalted 1S: óu 2S: ís 3S: íç 1P: ínç 2P: íç 3P: ión Normal 1S: é 2S: éas 3S: éç 1P: iánç 2P: iáç 3P: én Humble 3S: íç 3P: ín Future-Past Exalted 1S: íban 2S: íbas 3S: íbaç 1P: bánç 2P: báç 3P: íban Normal 1S: isse 2S: isseis 3S: isseç 1P: céinç 2P: céiç 3P: issen Future may also be done by using the auxiliary verb _bele_ followed by the infinitive, inflection of _bele_: Present Exalted 1S: Bou 2S: Bis 3S: Buç 1P: Boumous 2P: Bouteis 3P: Boun Present Normal 1S: Bei 2S: Beis 3S: Beiç 1P: Belimous 2P: Beliteis 3P: Bein Present Humble 3S: Boeç 3P: Boen Past Exalted 1S: Bu 2S: Bous 3S: Bouç 1P: Boumous 2P: Bouceis 3P: Boléon Past Normal 1S: Bele 2S: Beleis 3S: Beleç 1P: Beleimous 2P: Beléç 3P: Belen -- Florida: Home of Electile Dysfunction Palm Beach County: Putting the "duh" in Florida ICQ: 18656696 AIM Screen-Name: NikTailor