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Summary of Roumán



Hello!  Thought I'd post a summary of my Roumán as an introductory
message.  There've been a few changes since my descriptions on Conlang.

Orthography
Vowels
i = /i/, [j] when unstressed and adjacent to a vowel
e = /E/, some dialects have [a] or [&] as an allophone when unstressed
    and final
ei = /e/
a = /A/, may be [@] in unstressed syllables when spoken quickly
ou = /o/
o = /O/, some dialects have [A] as an allophone when ustressed and final
    (thus, -a and -o are homophonous in those dialects)
u = /u/, [w] when ustressed and adjacent to a vowel

iu and ui are /ju/ and /wi/
íu and úi are /iju/ and /uwi/

Some dialects also have ö, and ü, which are pronounced /2/ (I think
that's the symbol, IPA o-slash) and /y/, but not the dialect of Róum Nóu

Stress is on the penultimate syllable unless marked by an acute.  Also
sometimes used orthographically, as in Róum Nóu (which itself is an
etymological spelling, it is actually pronounced, and inflected, as
Rounou, gen. Róunoubei)

Consonants
B = /v/
Bb = /b/
Bf = /bv/
C = /ts/ before i or e
    /x/ elsewhere, and not preceded by {n}
    /k/ after n (and not before i or e)
Ç = /ts/
Cc = /ts/ before i or e
     /k/ elsewhere
Ch = /k/ if preceded by n
     /x/ elsewhere
Cch = /k/
     (note: Ch and Cch only occur before i and  e)
D = /d/ after n
    /D/ elsewhere
Dd = /d/
Dl = /K\/ (voiced lateral fricative)
F = /f/
G = /dz/ before i or e
    /g/ after n (and not before i or e)
    /G/ elsewhere
G` = /dz/ (actually, g-cedilla)
Gg = /dz/ before i or e
     /g/ elsewhere
Gh = /g/ if preceded by n
     /G/ elsewhere
Ggh = /g/
      (Gh and ggh are only used before i or e)
Gn = /N/
H not used, except in combinations
J not used
K = /k/, varient of cc/ch/cch, usually etymologically, but obligatory
     when /k/ is adjacent to /ts/
L = /l/
M = /m/
N = /N/ before velar consonants (also word-finally in some dialects)
    /n/ elsewhere
Nasal-stop sequences are pronounced with only the nasal when word-final
P = /p/
Pf = /pf/
Q not used
R = /l/
    R and L are used etymologically
S = /z/ between vowels
    /s/ elsewhere
    sometimes /z/ before voiced conosnants, especially word-initially,
        as in _s ddeis_, /zdes/, the day
Ss = /s/ - only used between vowels
T = /t/ after n
    /T/ elsewhere
Tt = /t/
Tl = /K/ (voiceless lateral fricative)
V not used
W not used
X = /x/, varient of {c} used only word-initially
Y = /Z/
z = /z/

Note: In some dialects, {l/r} has become /r/ (tap or trill), {dl} has
become /l/, and {tl} has become /S/, thus restoring symmetry to the
fricatives, and restoring a distinction between /l/ and /r/.  As well as
having an unusual orthography :-)

Nouns

Gender

At the moment, I'm thinking Roumán has retained the masculine/feminine
distinction.  However, since the substrate is non-IE, I'm not sure if
that would be reasonable.

Inflection
Roumán has three cases, absolutive, ergative, and genetive

Class I (mostly feminine)
     Sing  Plural
Abs  --    -ei
Erg  -a    -s/-ç* (ç used after dentals)
Gen  -ei   -áu

Class II (mostly masculine)
     Sing  Plural
Abs  -ous  --*
Erg  -ou   -çou*
Gen  --*   -óu

Class III
     Sing  Plural
Abs  (Var) -eis
Erg  -e    -bbous
Gen  -s/-ç -ou

Adjectives are inflected either like Classes I and II (I for feminine,
II for masculine), or like III (invarient for gender)

*stem changes:
-c and -g -> -ç and -g` (-çs -> -ç and -g`s -> -g`) when those become
word-final
ei -> i (e.g., Ceicous -> Cíç, blind man, of a blind man)
e -> ei (e.g., augentous, augéint; silver, of silver)
a -> e (e.g., Roumanous, Roumén; Roman, of a Roman)
ou -> u (Ougouçous, Ougúç; August, of August)
   ou -> ü in some dialects (Ougouçous -> Ougûç; û = stressed ü)
   ou -> i in some dialects (Ougouçous -> Oughíç)
o - > ou (Colous, Cóul; neck, of a neck)
   o -> ö in some dialects (Colous -> Côl)
   o -> ei in some dialects (Colous -> Chéil)

Verbs

Verbs are divided into four categories, -áu, -éi, -le, and -í verbs. 
-le verbs are rare and full of irregularities.  -le is divided into two
subclasses, the so-called -ou and -iou subclasses; a slash will be used
to separate those.  Asterisk indicates sound changes (see above).  Verbs
agree with the absolutive argument.

Inflections
I will give the inflections for each class, using semicolon to separate
classes, e.g., when I write:
ánç; éinç; mous; ínç that means that -áu verbs use -ánç, -éi uses -éinç,
-le uses -mous, and -í uses -ínç.  Slash will separate alterates.  -le
is derived from Latin 3rd conjugation verbs, but many of those have
merged with 2nd conjugation (as you'll see, many endings are identical
for 2nd and 3rd conjugation).

Perfect Participle: -atous; -tous; -tous; -itous
Present Tense Exalted (used when speaking to an inferior)
1S: ou; ou; ou; ou
2S: as; eis; eis; s
3S: (a)ç; eç; eiç; eç
1P: ánç; éinç; mous; ínç
2P: áç; éiç; teis; íç
3P: an; en; on/ion; on
Present Tense Simple (used when speaking to an equal)
1S: e; ei; (a)/(i)*; ei
2S: eis; as; as/ias; ias
3S: eç; eiç; (a)ç/iç*; eiç
1P: éinç; iánç; ánç/iánç*; iánç
2P: éiç; iáç; áç/iáç*; iáç
3P: en; ein; (a)n/in*; ein
Present Tense Humble (used when speaking to a superior; Humble exists
only in present)
3S: áss; éiss; eç/ieç*; ieç
3P: áun; éon; en/ien*; ien
Past Tense Exalted
1S: éi; --*; --*; í
2S: éç; ç(i)*; ç(i)*; íç
3S: óuç; eiç; eiç; íç
1P: amous; mous; mous; ínç
2P: aceis; ceis; ceis; iceis
3P: áun; uéon; éon; iéon
Past Tense Simple
1S: ái; éi; re; í
2S: áis; éis/ás; reis; ís (éis and ás are free alternates)
3S: áiç; éiç; reç; íç
1P: aréinç; eiréinç; réinç; iénç
2P: aréiç; eiréiç; réiç; iéiç
3P: áin; éin; ren; ín
Perfect Tense Exalted
1S: án; rein; ra; rín
2S: ás; ras; ras; rís
3S: áç; raç; raç; ríç
1P: aránç; ránç; ránç; ránç
2P: aráç; ráç; ráç; ráç
3P: án; ran; ran; rín
Perfect Tense Normal
1S: asse; se; se; isse
2S: asseis; seis; seis; isseis
3S: asseç; seç; seç; isseç
1P: assénç; séinç; séinç; séinç
2P: asséç; séiç; séiç; séiç
3P: assen; sen; sen; issen

Other perfect tenses are formed by abéi + perfect participle; present
perfect is also sometimes replaced by present tense of abéi + perfect
participle.  Perfect participle agrees in gender and number with
absolutive.

Antipassives
Antipassives are built on a common form.  In the plural, all are
identical, while in the singular, each inflection starts with a vowel,
a/e for -áu verbs, ei/i for -éi verbs, i for -í verbs, and null for -le
verbs. 
Present Tense Exalted
1S: açou (eiçoun; çoun; içoun)
2S: atles
3S: atleç
1P: toesmous
2P: tóess
3P: toessoun
Present Tense Normal
1S: acei
2S: éç (íç, '-ç, -íç) <-- for 3rd conjugation, stressed on final
syllable of root
3S: aceiç
1P: toesinç
2P: tóess
3P: toessein
Present Tense Humble
3S: atleiç
3P: tóessoun
Past Tense Exalted
1S: épf
2S: apfiss
3S: apfeiç
1P: toefeinç
2P: toefeis
3P: toefein
Past Tense Normal
1S: átlesse
2S: átlesseis
3S: átlesseç
1P: toesseinç
2P: toesseiç
3P: toessen
Perfect Exalted
1S: apfean
2S: apfeas
3S: apfeaç
1P: toefeanç
2P: toefeaç
3P: toefean
Perfect Normal
1S: ápfesse
2S: ápfesseis
3S: ápfesseç
1P: tóefeisseinç
2P: tóefeisseiç
3P: tóefeissen

Future - All conjugations

Active Transitive Verbs
Infinitive +
Exalted
1S: déi
2S: déis
3S: déç
1P: déinç
2P: déiç
3P: dén
Normal
1S: déi
2S: déas
3S: déiç
1P: g`ánç
2P: g`áç
3P: déin
Humble
3S: déis
3P: déon
Future Past (was going to, would)
Exalted
1S: dí
2S: gí
3S: déiç
1P: déos
2P: géis
3P: béon
Normal
1S: béi
2S: bás
3S: béiç
1P: réinç
2P: réç
3P: béin

Antipassive & Intransitive
Infinitive (-áu -> -ar, éi -> -er, -re -> -r, í -> ir) +
Exalted
1S: óu
2S: ís
3S: íç
1P: ínç
2P: íç
3P: ión
Normal
1S: é
2S: éas
3S: éç
1P: iánç
2P: iáç
3P: én
Humble
3S: íç
3P: ín
Future-Past
Exalted
1S: íban
2S: íbas
3S: íbaç
1P: bánç
2P: báç
3P: íban
Normal
1S: isse
2S: isseis
3S: isseç
1P: céinç
2P: céiç
3P: issen

Future may also be done by using the auxiliary verb _bele_ followed by
the infinitive, inflection of _bele_:
Present Exalted
1S: Bou
2S: Bis
3S: Buç
1P: Boumous
2P: Bouteis
3P: Boun
Present Normal
1S: Bei
2S: Beis
3S: Beiç
1P: Belimous
2P: Beliteis
3P: Bein
Present Humble
3S: Boeç
3P: Boen
Past Exalted
1S: Bu
2S: Bous
3S: Bouç
1P: Boumous
2P: Bouceis
3P: Boléon
Past Normal
1S: Bele
2S: Beleis
3S: Beleç
1P: Beleimous
2P: Beléç
3P: Belen 

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