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MorphemeAddict wrote: > How is Raikudu different from Latejami/Saweli? Well, "Raikudu" could refer to a particular conlang with a phonology and everything, or to the system of grammar and semantics I reuse throughout many different sketches. I will switch between them here. There is only productive derivation, no mnemonic such. The whole classifier + mnemonic modifier = root system is absent from Raikudu, though I have a few affixes such as augmentative and diminutive, which are supposed to be productive. There are also a number of particles that isn't it formally in Latejami, such as "tomese": The passive voice normally remove an argument from the argument structure, but in tomese it somehow catch the argument which was removed from the main verb and add it to the case tag. It isn't how it usually works, so in Raikudu they are particles. Tense is not defined as default. "I saw it and you will see it" could be expressed, when tense is unimportant, as "pila čutai bala loče peta" (see I and you it). Aspect, too, isn't defined as default at the moment, but I have concidered to have it defined. There is no polysemy on morpheme level. Latejami has AP and AP/F for state roots to be the same morphemes as A and A/F for action roots. They are separate in Raikudu. Or the "essential quality and ability" affix, which in e.g. "koponi" is the essential quality in itself, but in "kopona" means to HAVE the quality. They have their own morphemes. There is a three-way static/dynamic/not defined distinction, completely separated from the argument structure. But even though the three-way distinction is still present they are fused together in Raikudu, unlike many other sketches. sula(ši) (p/f-s) "know" sulapu (p/f-d) "learn" sulady (p/f-n) "realize" Raikudu has four numbers: singular, dual, plural (at least three) and "unknown number". Nouns are indefinite as default, instead of definite. The proper noun and the mnemonic name affixes are merged into one. "I" and singular "you" are morphologically marked. Other pronominal arguments are expressed analytically as in Latejami. I have a morphologically marked instrumental case. That is, it is marked on the verb, which gives a instrument slot. Maybe I just doesn't really understand the non-linking argument structures, but my gut feeling is that busege represents the Utilitative case (4.6.11) in Ithkuil grammar, and not the Instumental case (4.3.8). And since the Instrumental case seems to be part of the NSM grammar I did what I did. http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Ch-4%20Case%20Morphology.htm The lexicon is/will be different, except the similarities that are due to the similar grammar, since it was never intended to be a relex. (Well, I haven't implemented more than 28 roots in Raikudu, so this might be an irrealis difference at the moment) That's at least the differences that I could think of at the moment. -- Veoler Here is where I intend the Raikudu grammar to be: http://veoler.googlepages.com/raikudu.html but it isn't more than a place holder so far.